Sex

Sex is the most profound and intimate way to express your love for someone. Different people enjoy and pursue sex in different forms—as the pioneering sex researcher Alfred Kinsey put it, the only universal in human sexuality is variability itself. But within the universe of intimacy and pleasure that sex affords is a lot of room for error. Most people are affected by sexual problems at some point in their lives.

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For the article about the act of "sex", see sexual intercourse.

Butterflies are among those animals that reproduce sexually

Sex is a type of reproduction common among living things. It always needs two individuals, usually of the same species. Sex is used by plants and animals, and also by fungi and various single-celled organisms. It works by combining genes from more than one source.^[1]

Contents [hide] 1 Biological type 2 Benefits and drawbacks 3 Humans 4 Evolution 5 Sex determination 5.1 Genetic 5.2 Nongenetic 6 References

[change] Biological type

Organisms may have more than one kind of reproduction:

1. Asexual reproduction: an example is the binary fission of an amoeba. Sometimes jellyfish, and many insects split or produce eggs without fertilisation. These are all methods of asexual reproduction.
2. Sexual reproduction: most plants and animals reproduce by a union of two different sexes. Each sex makes the special cells used for reproduction. The new organism is made when both types of cells are united in a fertilised egg or zygote. Organisms that can make both kinds of cells for reproduction are called hermaphrodites. For example, most snails are hermaphrodite.^[2]
   • Those organisms that produce sperm are called male, those that produce ova (eggs) are called female.
3. Some animals and plants are capable of reproducing either sexually or asexually.

[change] Benefits and drawbacks

Spider plants with small Stolons. They are a way of asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is easier than sexual reproduction, but there are benefits and drawbacks to both:

• Offspring produced asexually are genetically identical to their parents.
• Offspring produced sexually are genetically somewhat different from either parent. They inherit genes from both parents.

[change] Humans

Human female and male

A person's sex is either male or female. For example: John's sex is male. Jane's sex is female. This difference is sometimes called gender.

In humans, the sex of a person depends on what sex chromosomes that person has in his or her sex cells (gametes). A woman's ovum (egg cell) contains one X chromosome. A man's sperm contains either an X or a Y chromosome. When a sperm and ova combine to form a fertilised egg, the baby may get either of these chromosomes from its father. If the baby gets two X chromosomes, it will develop into a girl. If the baby gets one X and one Y, it will develop into a boy.

There are occasional exceptions to this rule: the process of meiosis which makes the sex cells can go wrong. This results in an individual having 3 X chromosomes, or 2 Y chromosomes or XXY instead of XY. Such people may get physical or mental defects which require treatment. Examples of such defects are: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), mental retardation, or schizophrenia. These people may also have a weaker immune system, and might not be fertile.

Before babies are born, they grow either male sex parts or female sex parts.

[change] Evolution

Sexual reproduction first appeared about a billion years ago. It evolved within single-celled eukaryotes.^[3] The scientific community still discusses why it appeared, and why it still exists. Reasons commonly given include:

• Sex creates variation in offspring. If there are traits that give an advantage to the organism, they spread more easily. Traits that give a disadvantage tend to be removed quickly.

Sexual reproduction is a process that can only be found in eukaryotes. These cells have a nucleus and mitochondria. There are other kinds of organisms (other than animals, plants and fungi), the other eukaryotes – such as the malaria parasite – that also engage in sexual reproduction. Some bacteria use conjugation to transfer genetic material between bacteria. This is not the same as sexual reproduction, but it also results in the mixture of genetic traits.

In sexual reproduction the cells used for reproduction, called gametes, are either eggs or sperms. Fertilisation needs two different such cells. The mechanism of cell division only works when one sperm alone enters the egg. Once it is in, a fast reaction goes through the egg cell wall to shut off all other sperm.^[4][5][6]

[change] Sex determination

Sex determination in biology is about the function of sex, not what individuals look like. In humans, males and females usually look different. In many species they do not, except for the sex organs. Sex can be determined in different ways:

• Hermaphrodites produce both male and female gametes. This system can be found in some animals, for example snails, and in most flowering plants.^[7]
• In most cases there are separate sexes. This means that an organism either produces male gametes or eggs, but not both at the same time. The biological cause for an organism developing into one sex or the other is called sex determination.
• As a result of sex determination, the organism is either male, or female.

When there is sex determination there are basically two cases:

• The sex is determined through the genes the organism inherits from its parents.
• The sex is determined through the environment.

[change] Genetic

Like humans and other mammals, the common fruit fly has an XY sex determination system.

Usually, sex is determined by an organism's genes. With genetic sex determination, most alleles or genes that influence sexual development are on the same chromosome. That chromosome is then called the sex chromosome. Because genetic sex determination is controlled by a pair of sex chromosomes (or by the presence or absence of one of the chromosomes), there are usually the same number of male and female offspring. In humans, for instance, sperms carry either an X or a Y chromosome, and they occur in roughly equal numbers.

Clownfish are initially male; the largest fish in a group becomes female.

[change] Nongenetic

For some species sex is not determined by inheritance, but instead by environmental factors experienced during development or later in life. Many reptiles have temperature-dependent sex determination: the temperature embryos experience during their development determines the sex of the organism. In some turtles, for example, males are produced at lower incubation temperatures than females; this difference in critical temperatures can be as little as 1-2 °C.

Some fish change sex over the course of their life. This phenomenon is called sequential hermaphroditism. In clownfish, smaller fish are male, and the dominant and largest fish in a group becomes female. In many wrasse the opposite is true—most fish are female at birth and become male when they reach a certain size. Sequential hermaphrodites may produce both types of gametes over the course of their lifetime, but at any given point they are either female or male.

In some ferns the default sex is hermaphrodite. Ferns which grow in soil which has previously supported hermaphrodites are influenced by hormones remaining to develop as male.^[8]